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All farm animals other than horses harbor hookworms. The main species are the following:
Cattle: Bunostomum phlebotomum is the most widespread but Agriostomum vryburgi may occur in cattle in Asia and South America.
Sheep: B. trigonocephalum is found worldwide, whereas Gaigeria pachyscelis...
Bovine Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle.
The principal strains are babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, with Rhipicephalus ticks being the major vector.
Babesia divergens is also found, with the major vector being Ixodes ricinus.
Bovine Babesiosis is found in areas where its...
This is a non-contagious viral disease spread by biting midges (Culicoides sp.), and that can infect sheep, goats, deer and cattle. Sheep are the most seriously affected species. There are 25 serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV) worldwide.
Clinical disease in livestock (particularly sheep) has...
Enterotoxaemia occurs when specific bacteria (Clostridium perfringens) normally present in the gut, proliferate and produce toxins that are absorbed.
Conditions that favour excessive proliferation of clostridial organisms include carbohydrate overload, acidosis, higher flow of proteins and...
Decubital wounds are defects on the skin resulting from continuous pressure on a particular area leading to tissue ischaemia and necrosis.
In the livestock rearing process, it occurs in downers and animals that struggle when they get their head or legs stuck.
Ulceration may be accelerated by...
Alopecia is the partial or complete loss of hair from skin. Its main impact is not on health but on the aesthetic appearance of the cattle, and on the hide's value and acceptability.
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Differentiating alopecic lesions as to whether they are discrete or diffuse...
The rapid ingestion of large amounts of water by young calves with normal serum sodium concentrations may result in intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria.
Aetiology
The ingestion of excessive quantities of water when animals are very thirsty may result in overhydration...
The incidence of cystic ovarian disease (COD) varies between 5% and 30%, with most cases developing 20–60 days post partum and affecting second and third lactation, high-yielding dairy cows. The disease is rarer in beef cows.
Aetiology
Follicular cysts develop due to either failure of the LH...
During pregnancy, and for a short period following parturition, cows are normally acyclic. However, estrous behavior, not accompanied by ovulation, can occur in up to 7% of pregnant cows. Progesterone profiling suggests that 90% and 70% of dairy cows and beef cows, respectively, resume cyclicity...
This is a highly contagious disease that can spread rapidly during warm seasons of the year. IBK is seen in cattle worldwide and has significant economic consequences in some countries.
Aetiology
Moraxella bovis is considered to be the cause of the disease. Flies act as mechanical vectors for...
Transport recumbency occurs after prolonged transport, usually in cows and ewes in late pregnancy. It is also recorded in lambs transported to feedlots and in cows and sheep delivered to abattoirs. It is characterized by recumbency, alimentary tract stasis, and coma, and it is highly fatal. It...
Lead poisoning is an acute encephalopathy occurring after accidental exposure and ingestion of lead-containing materials.
Aetiology
Lead poisoning is caused by ingestion of lead-containing materials such as discarded car batteries and lead-based paints, although these paints are now rare...
Amitraz is a topical acaricide and insecticide widely used in most large animal species including cattle, sheep and goats. It is not labeled for use in horses and donkeys because they are easily poisoned when amitraz is applied to their skin or accidentally ingested.
PATHOGENESIS
Amitraz is...
Primary gastric impaction is a usual primary cause of colic in adult horses. There does not appear to be a breed or gender pre disposition, and the disease occurs in mature horses.
The etiology of gastric impaction is unclear in most cases, with poor dentition, rapid food intake, inadequate...
The success of antimicrobial therapy depends on attaining and maintaining, at the site of infection, a drug concentration that will result, directly or indirectly, in the death or control of the infectious organism with minimal deleterious effect to the host. To achieve these aims the...
There are two major causes of dehydration (decrease in free water):
Inadequate water intake.
Excessive fluid loss.
Deprivation of water, a lack of thirst caused by toxemia and the inability to drink water e.g. in esophageal obstruction are examples of dehydration from inadequate water...
When an animal is found dead without having been previously observed to be ill, a diagnosis, even after necropsy examination, is often difficult because of the absence of a detailed history and clinical findings.
"All death is sudden, but the focus on an investigation of sudden death is that...
Fetotomy is the technique of dividing a dead fetus (which cannot be delivered) into small pieces that will easily pass through the birth canal.
Fetotomy or Cesarean section?
- Fetotomy should be done only when the fetus is known to be dead
- Cesarean section must be used when the fetus is...
Etiology: Actinomyces bovis, normal inhabitant of the ruminant oral cavity.
Epidemiology
Common but sporadic disease from infection through wounds to the buccal mucosa by feed or through dental alveoli.
Clinical Findings
Initially painless, hard, immovable bony swelling on mandible or...
Etiology: Actinobacillus lignieresii.
Epidemiology
Organism is a normal inhabitant
of the alimentary tract.
Infection occurs through an abrasion of the oral mucosa or skin.
Site difference in sheep and cattle reflects
differences in risk associated with prehension of food.
Sporadic...