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Puerperal metritis should be defined as an abnormally enlarged uterus and a fetid watery red-brown uterine discharge, associated with signs of systemic illness (decreased milk yield, dullness or other signs of toxaemia) and fever of >39.5°C, within 21 days after parturition. Aetiology...

Aflatoxins are metabolites produced by fungi growing on spoiled feeds. Increased humidity and warm temperatures are associated with fungal growth. The most important aflatoxin toxicosis is associated with the ingestion of Aspergillus spp. Aspergillus flavus, A. nomius, and A. parasiticus are...

All farm animals other than horses harbor hookworms. The main species are the following: Cattle: Bunostomum phlebotomum is the most widespread but Agriostomum vryburgi may occur in cattle in Asia and South America. Sheep: B. trigonocephalum is found worldwide, whereas Gaigeria pachyscelis...

Sheep, cattle, and goats are all affected by species of the nematode genus Haemonchus. H. contortus is the species most commonly found in sheep and goats, but H. placei is the usual species in cattle. Molecular studies have confirmed that these are distinct taxa. Even so, cross infection may...

1. Physical Abuse Synonyms: non-accidental injury (NAI); battered pet syndrome The perpetrator of physical abuse subjects the animal to a variety of actions that cause bodily injury. In some cases the fact that deliberate physical abuse has taken place is perfectly clear. A man witnessed...

Bovine Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle. The principal strains are babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, with Rhipicephalus ticks being the major vector. Babesia divergens is also found, with the major vector being Ixodes ricinus. Bovine Babesiosis is found in areas where its...

This is a non-contagious viral disease spread by biting midges (Culicoides sp.), and that can infect sheep, goats, deer and cattle. Sheep are the most seriously affected species. There are 25 serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV) worldwide. Clinical disease in livestock (particularly sheep) has...

Enterotoxaemia occurs when specific bacteria (Clostridium perfringens) normally present in the gut, proliferate and produce toxins that are absorbed. Conditions that favour excessive proliferation of clostridial organisms include carbohydrate overload, acidosis, higher flow of proteins and...

Decubital wounds are defects on the skin resulting from continuous pressure on a particular area leading to tissue ischaemia and necrosis. In the livestock rearing process, it occurs in downers and animals that struggle when they get their head or legs stuck. Ulceration may be accelerated by...

Normal average temperatures with critical points.

Foreign body, tumor, or inflammatory swelling in pharynx or esophagus. Painful condition of pharynx or esophagus. Esophageal obstruction by impacted feed material. Esophageal dilatation caused by paralysis. Esophageal diverticulum. Esophageal spasm at site of mucosal erosion.