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Mucous membranes should normally be pink (slightly paler in cats). Changes in mucous membrane colour may suggest a number of different conditions.

Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Streptococcus equi equi. It is characterized by swelling of the lymph nodes and the formation of abscesses, primarily in the head and neck.

Infestation of sheep and goats with larvae of the nasal bot fly (Oestrus ovis) has a serious effect on the productivity and welfare of both sheep and goats. Adult fly activity induces stress responses and significant behavioral change while larval infestation induces moderate to severe pathology...

Three Fractions of Canine Semen.

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a so-called “List A” disease, making it a notifiable disease to the OIE. To qualify as a CBPP-free country or zone according to the rules of the OIE the country must fulfill the following requirements: Have a record of regular and prompt animal...

Aetiology Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (SC) (MmmSC) is the cause of the contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). MmmSC is very similar culturally and antigenically to the causative organism of caprine contagious pleuropneumonia, but the two can be differentiated culturally...

Respiration may be accompanied by audible noises that indicate certain normal or abnormal occurrences in the respiratory tract such as: sneezing, snorting, stridor, stertor or snoring, wheezing, roaring, expiratory grunting, snuffling, bubbling and rattling sounds. Sneezing is a sudden...

Respiratory movements are involuntary and are stimulated and modified by the respiratory centers in the medulla. Respiratory failure is the terminal stage of respiratory insufficiency in which the activity of the respiratory centers diminishes to the point where movements of respiratory muscles...

A cough is defined as ‘a reflex action causing sudden expulsion of air from the respiratory tract’. Coughing is a common clinical sign that occurs in several medical conditions and it is important to determine whether the cough is dry and hacking or whether the cough is moist and productive...

Acute respiratory distress is a true respiratory emergency and has many possible causes. They include: Airway obstruction e.g. by a foreign body such as a ball. Trauma, e.g. road traffic accident. Infections of the lungs. Laryngeal paralysis. Poisoning. Neoplasia. Overdose of anaesthetic...

The best diet is useless unless it is eaten by the patient. To aid recovery of patients, it is essential to provide the most appropriate diet and correct level of nutrients. Practicing vets will often face a balance between adequate provision of nutrients that aid recovery and ensuring that...

Bovine petechial fever is a rickettsiosis of cattle caused by Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) ondiri. The disease occurs in the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania at altitudes of 1,500 to 3,000 m, although it is considered likely to occur in neighboring countries with similar topography. Characteristically...

Anaphylaxis is an acute disease of often life threatening severity caused by an antigen-antibody (IgE) reaction. If severe it can result in anaphylactic shock. Aetiology Most commonly, severe anaphylactic reactions are seen in farm animals following the parenteral administration of a drug or...

Indications for Caesarean Section.

Neutering removes the sexual urge for both male and female animals and prevents the production of unwanted offspring. It is carried out surgically. For females, removal of the uterus and both ovaries is done; and for the male, removal of the testicles. These procedures are irreversible...

Oestrus Cycle of the Bitch Pro-oestrus + Oestrus = Heat/season; lasts about 3 weeks. False pregnancy and pyometra can occur during Metoestrus.

Causes of Ingesta in Nasal Discharge in Ruminants

Free gas bloat is excessive accumulation of free gas in the dorsal sac of the rumen. Aetiology Any condition causing oesophageal obstruction or interference with normal eructation can result in accumulation of free gas in the rumen. Common causes include lesions of the oesophageal groove...

Frothy bloat results from high protein levels in cattle grazing lush leguminous pasture and clover-rich grass. Aetiology: Rumen fluid viscosity is raised, causing small bubbles to form and leading to a stable froth that cannot be eructated normally. Signs: Rumen tympany develops over several...