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Wound-healing is often divided into three or four phases, although the phases overlap considerably: Inflammation/debridement Phase: Injury to blood vessels in the skin triggers the haemostatic pathways that result in coagulation and clot formation. Other chemicals, such as cytokine and growth...

Diarrhoea – The rapid expulsion of soft, non-formed material from the rectum. Constipation – Impaction of hard, dry feces within the large intestine or rectum, which is difficult or may become impossible for the animal to pass. Tenesmus – Painful, ineffectual straining to pass feces, seen in...

Depending on the layout and design of a kennel area cats and small patients such as rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and birds should be housed separately from dogs. Serious thought should be given to the patient’s condition and the effect of the external environment around them. For example, a...

Neutering, or castration, is the surgical removal of the testicles. Removing the testicles removes the primary source of testosterone in the body, resulting in changes in sex drive, hormone-related behaviors, and hormone-related health concerns. Positioning and Preparation The dog should be...